Background: 2023 could have been the hottest year in the 174-year observational record and probably the hottest in 125,000 years. It was dotted with lethal heat waves, devastating floods, droughts, and record-low ice levels in the Arctic and Antarctic. These are only a handful of the effects of climate change.

Evidences of increasing temperature on earth surface:

There are several lines of evidence that indicate the Earth is warming:

1. Temperature measurements: Satellite data and surface temperature measurements show that the planet has become  warmer, with the average global temperature increasing by at least 1.1°C since 1880.
2. Indirect methods: Analyzing tree rings, ice cores, and other natural indicators, a 1998 study found that temperatures remained fairly flat for centuries before turning sharply upward.
3. Effects of rising temperatures: Oceans are getting warmer, snow and ice cover are depleting in the Northern Hemisphere, the Greenland ice sheet is shrinking, and sea levels are rising.
4. Human activities: The primary cause of global warming is the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, into the atmosphere due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture.
5. Accelerated warming: The current rate of warming is much faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age.
6. Climate models: Scientific models predict that human emissions of heat-trapping gases will continue to cause global temperature increases, leading to more climate extremes and widespread damaging effects.

Reasons behind increasing temperature:

• The Earth's temperature is increasing due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
• Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, have released high levels of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to an increase in the Earth's temperature.
• The burning of fossil fuels is the largest contributor to global warming, followed by deforestation and farming livestock.
• The effects of global warming are being felt everywhere, including rising sea levels, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events. Scientists have determined that human activities, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions, have unequivocally caused global warming.

Are humans causing global warming?

• Scientists have determined that human activities, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions, have unequivocally caused global warming.
• Natural factors like solar energy and ocean circulation have caused cool and warm periods in the Earth's history, but their influence is too little or too slow to explain the rapid warming, especially in recent decades.

• The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere has spiked dramatically over the last 150 years, from a pre-industrial era concentration of approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) to more than 410 ppm currently.
• Measurements from ancient ice cores show that CO2 is now at its highest levels in over 800,000 years. The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has concluded that humans are the main cause of current global warming.

Consequences:

• Rising sea levels: Global warming can cause a rise in sea level, leading to flooding and displacement of coastal communities
• Health impacts: Global warming can cause dire health consequences, including infectious diseases, heatstroke, and an increase in insect-borne diseases
• Soil degradation and loss of biodiversity: Rising temperatures can lead to soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, and loss of biodiversity
• Extreme weather events: Global warming can worsen extreme weather events, such as storms, heat waves, floods, and droughts
• Loss of freshwater Resources: Global warming can lead to reduced freshwater Resources, which can worsen living conditions, particularly in low-income countries
• Loss of agricultural productivity: Global warming can result in droughts that can worsen living conditions, particularly in Africa
• Disruption of ecosystems: Global warming can cause the degradation of ecosystems, leading to a loss of plant and animal species

Solutions:

1. Renewable energies: Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy Sources like solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Energy and water efficiency: Improving energy and water efficiency through the use of efficient devices and reducing consumption can help reduce the environmental impact.
3. Sustainable transportation: Promoting public transportation, carpooling, electric and hydrogen mobility can help reduce CO2 emissions.
4. Sustainable infrastructure: Building low-energy buildings and implementing energy-efficient measures can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from buildings.
5. Better forestry management and sustainable agriculture: Preserving and managing forests, as well as promoting sustainable agriculture practices, can help sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
6. Conservation-based solutions: Implementing conservation measures can help protect ecosystems and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
7. Adaptation strategies: Developing and implementing adaptation strategies can help communities cope with the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and health risks.

These solutions can be implemented at various levels, from individual actions to global policies, to help mitigate the effects of global warming on human health and the environment.