Context: The coal production in the country has shot up to over 664 million tonnes during the current financial year which is a robust 12.29 percent increase over the corresponding figure of over 591 million tonnes for the same period of the previous year.

Significance:

• This increase ensures a consistent and robust coal supply to meet the energy needs of the power sector.
• Efficient coal supply to Thermal Power Plants has resulted in robust coal stock levels at various pitheads, highlighting the effectiveness of the coal supply chain in ensuring seamless distribution nationwide.

Types of coal:
Coal, originating from the organic matter of wood, is formed through a gradual process. When extensive forest areas become submerged under sediments, the wood undergoes combustion and decomposition due to heat from below and pressure from above. This transformative process into coal unfolds over centuries.
The classification of coal is based on its carbon content and the time period involved. Considering carbon content, coal can be categorized into three types:

Anthracite:
Recognized as the highest-quality coal, anthracite boasts the highest calorific value, containing 80 to 95% carbon. It exhibits slow ignition with a distinct blue flame and is found in limited quantities, notably in Jammu and Kashmir.
Bituminous:
With a low moisture content and a carbon content ranging between 60 to 80%, bituminous coal is valued for its high  calorific value. Deposits of bituminous coal are prevalent in states such as Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.

Lignite:
Characterized by a carbon content of 40 to 55%, lignite, often brown in color, has high moisture content, resulting in smoke during combustion. Deposits of lignite are found in regions like Rajasthan, Lakhimpur (Assam), and Tamil Nadu.
Peat:
Representing the initial stage of the wood-to-coal transformation, peat has a low calorific value and contains less than 40% carbon.
This classification based on carbon content provides a comprehensive understanding of the diverse types of coal and their respective qualities.
Coal Imports

• In adherence to the existing import policy, consumers are granted the freedom to import coal, subject to an Open General Licence, allowing them to make import decisions based on their commercial judgment and requirements.
• Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and other steel manufacturing units are engaged in importing coking coal primarily to address the gap between demand and domestic availability, aiming to enhance production quality.
• Non-coking coal is imported by various entities, including coal-based power plants, cement plants, captive power plants, sponge iron plants, industrial consumers, and coal traders.
• For pig-iron manufacturers and consumers in the iron and steel sector utilizing mini-blast furnaces, coke is a major import.

Significance

• India heavily relies on coal, constituting half of its commercial primary energy and serving as the primary SOURCE for electricity generation.
•  In opencast coal mines, miners often avoid deep underground work as machinery takes on the bulk of extraction tasks, simplifying the process.
• The ease of transport and storage, without the need for specialized equipment, contributes to the cost-effectiveness of coal-fired electricity.
• Coal, when stored in cool and dry conditions, can be preserved indefinitely.
• Moreover, coal power is economically advantageous compared to wood, oil, or gas-based heating. The coal industry provides substantial employment across various communities.

Disadvantages

• However, the burning of coal generates pollutants like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acids, and arsenic.
• This combustion contributes to increased atmospheric CO2 levels, amplifying the sun's reflective power and contributing to global warming.
• Extensive transportation networks required for coal distribution lead to environmental pollution through vehicle emissions.
• Miners, despite protective measures, face health risks, notably coal miners' pneumoconiosis or black lung disease resulting from prolonged exposure to coal dust.

Way Forward

• To enhance production and competition, there is a need for more world-scale coal operations. The government should reconsider coal pricing, transitioning from quantity-based grades to grades based on desired end-use.
• A competitive coal mining sector can improve the country's capital-raising capacity. As railway projects face delays, alternative bulk transportation routes for coal must be explored.
• The coal sector's major challenge, risk management, requires innovative instruments, contracting, and incentives. Introducing targeted financing can address growing issues in the power sector.
•  Given India's coal's high ash content, efforts to reduce ash content and improve the grade would be beneficial.