CONTEXT: According to local officials, when the flight landed at France’s Vatry airport on Thursday, it had 303 Indian passengers, including 11 minors.

• Charter plane grounded in France with 276 passengers, mostly Indians, suspected of human trafficking.
• Flight landed in Mumbai after four days in France; 303 passengers initially, 25 stayed for asylum, 2 held.
• Passengers from Punjab and Haryana; covered faces, avoided media, carried 2 bags with Legend Airline stickers.
• Plane operated by Legend Airlines en route from Dubai to Nicaragua; French police acted on an anonymous tip.
• Judicial inquiry initiated; France's anti-organised crime unit JUNALCO examines human trafficking suspicions.
• Legend Airlines denies involvement; passengers provided beds at Vatry airport during the grounding.
• Indian Embassy thanked French government and Vatry Airport for hospitality and quick resolution.
• Speculation: Travel planned for passengers to reach Nicaragua, attempt illegal entry into the US or Canada.
• PTI report: 96,917 Indians attempted illegal entry into the US in 2023; Nicaragua popular for seeking asylum.

• Legend Airlines lawyer mentioned passengers paid for a tourism trip to Nicaragua and didn't want to return to India.

About Human Trafficking:

Defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of people through force, fraud, or deception for exploitation.Victims include men, women, and children, targeted globally using violence or deceptive promises.

Causes of Human Trafficking:

Push Factors:

• Widespread poverty and challenging socio-economic conditions.
• Natural disasters leading to destitution.
• Limited access to education and opportunities.
• Dowry pressure and dysfunctional family environments.

Pull Factors:

• Demand for marriage, labor, and adoption.
• High burden on women.
• Rise in demand for the sex industry, with sexual exploitation being the most common reason.

Impact of Human Trafficking:

• Physical and psychological consequences.
• Difficulty in reintegration into society.
• Violations of human rights and legal/immigration challenges.

Status in India (2021):

• 2,189 cases registered, a 27.7% increase from 2020.
• 6,533 victims reported, including children and adults.
• Regional disparities with Telangana, Maharashtra, and Assam having the highest cases.

US Assessment (2023):

US Trafficking in Persons Report states that India does not fully meet minimum standards for eliminating trafficking

Indian Trafficking Overseas:

• Exploitation of Indian migrants seeking employment abroad.
• Forced labor victims identified in various countries.

Constitutional and Legislative Provisions:

• Article 23(1) prohibits trafficking in human beings.
• Laws like Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, and others.

Measures by Government:

• Anti Trafficking Cell (ATC) and Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs).
• Judicial Colloquiums and Web Portal on Anti-Human Trafficking.
• Ujjawala Scheme for prevention and rehabilitation.

International Cooperation:

• Ratification of UN Convention and SAARC Convention.
• Bilateral mechanisms, e.g., Task Force with Bangladesh.

Way Forward:

• Systematic action and enhanced role of AHTUs.
• Reliable data collection and international cooperation.
• Stringent punishments and technological solutions.
• Prevention through education, awareness, and support for victims.
• Addressing root causes through poverty alleviation and social inclusivity.