THE SHAPE OF CLIMATE JUSTICE IN A WARMING INDIA
20 Oct 2023 7 mins Download PDF
Why in the News?
The recently held G-20 summit at Delhi decided upon tripling renewable energy capacity and voluntary doubling of the rate of energy efficiency improvement by 2030, as a part of the Delhi Declaration.
What should be the ideals for a just energy-transition?Here are some key ideals for ensuring a just and equitable energy transition:
A holistic approach considering these ideals can steer an equitable and socially responsible global energy transformation. |
Inequality matrix:
- Any energy transition initiative should be based on 2 aspects:
- internalising cost i.e., those who emit greenhouse gases have to pay the social and environmental costs.
- climate justice i.e., compensation has to be provided for those who are harmed.
- Richer countries or richer classes within a country have to pay for the energy transition as a mitigation effort as, those who contribute to climate change are not the ones who are affected by it.
- India’s stance on climate change efforts is largely framed through the lens of foreign policy and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) approach in international negotiations.
- This allows developing countries in the global south to prioritise economic growth and development over climate mitigation.
- Focusing on economic growth has naturally taken precedence over climate concerns, which shall evade concerns of climate justice within India, expanding inequality across levels class, caste and region.
- Climate change and energy transition disproportionately affect the poor:
- Agrarian crisis and allied economic activities have been induced by climate-elated problems and droughts
- They impact agricultural productivity, thus compounding farmers’ income loss.
- Rising temperature in the ocean ecosystem have impacted fish stocks hurting fishing communities.
- Thus addressing both environmental and socio-economic inequalities simultaneously becomes essential for sustainable and equitable development.
- Less equitable societies have the potential to
- Have higher emission outputs per unit of economic activity.
- Impede the societal responses required to address climate change.
- The cost of carbon emissions, in terms of societal impact, becomes significantly higher
Greening development:
- India’s energy consumption data:
- As of 2021, coal was the major contributor to the total energy supply in India (56%), followed by crude oil (33.4%).
- The industrial sector was the largest consumer of energy, using more than half, i.e., 51% of the total final energy consumption, it was followed by
- Transport (11%)
- Residential (10%)
- Agriculture (3.6%) sectors
- The above data indicates that manufacturing is far more energy- and carbon-intensive than agriculture and services.
- Also, any rise in energy price is likely to lead to a contraction of manufacturing, which will be negative for India given its already low manufacturing level.
- A holistic approach that considers economic, social, and regional inequalities has to be adopted for climate change mitigation.
- Renewable energy adoption has to be done without exacerbating existing disparities.
- It should focus on
- Protecting livelihoods
- Offering alternative job opportunities
- Not adversely impacting vulnerable communities
- To ensure an equitable and sustainable transition, inequality reduction and green investment have ot be targeted simultaneously.
- Regions heavily reliant on coal production may lose revenues and livelihoods due to energy transitition.
- Coal, the cheapest source of energy, is located in the poorer regions in eastern and central India
- While renewable energy hubs are located in the relatively wealthy southern and western India.
- This regional divide in economic inequality due to the energy source divide in India has to be addressed via
- Transfer funds to States dependent on coal
- State-specific programmes for reskilling development
- Local rehabilitation needs have to be addressed
- Sub-national governments should play a significant role in addressing climate concerns, as their priorities can differ significantly from those of the Union government.
- Sub-national responses have to be examined to understand how State entities are vital in tackling the challenge of climate inequality mitigation.
- Intricate interactions between fiscal federalism and climate mitigation have to be understood for policy alignment and cooperation across the levels of government.
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