Context: With temperatures at all-time high in 2023, 2024 will be pivotal in reducing emissions, without compromising developmental needs

News:

1. COP 21 Agreement: Eight years ago in Paris, countries agreed to limit global temperature increases to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and strive for a 1.5-degree Celsius limit as a defense against climate change.
2. Unwritten Concord on 1.5 Degrees Celsius: The increasing frequency of extreme weather events post-COP 21 led to an informal consensus on the 1.5-degree Celsius limit as a crucial threshold in climate change mitigation.
3. Close Approach to Threshold: In 2023, global temperatures came dangerously close to the 1.5-degree Celsius limit, with an average rise of 1.46 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels till November.
4. Record-Breaking Temperatures: Every month from June onwards set a new record for being the hottest such month on record. November even saw two days warmer than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
5. Confirmation by WMO: The World Meteorological Organisation's (WMO) provisional State of the Global Climate Report confirms 2023 as the warmest year on record.
6. Forecast for 2024: The WMO predicts that the planet will continue to get hotter in 2024, citing the influence of a warming El Niño event that emerged during the Northern Hemisphere spring of 2023.
7. El Niño Impact: The report suggests that the El Niño event is likely to further intensify the heat in 2024, as El Niño typically has the most significant impact on global temperatures after reaching its peak.

Reasons of high temperatures:

• Global Warming and Climate Change: The overall rise in temperatures globally due to climate change is a significant factor. Over the last century, India has witnessed a warming trend, with an approximate 0.6°C temperature increase, as per the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
• Local Weather Conditions: Specific weather conditions, including clear skies, low humidity, and minimal wind, contribute to temperature escalation. For instance, clear skies allow maximum solar radiation to reach the Earth's surface, leading to heightened heating
• Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect: Urbanization and the prevalence of concrete structures in cities contribute to the urban heat island effect. The use of materials like concrete and asphalt absorbs and retains heat, leading to elevated temperatures. Delhi's urban heat island is an example of this phenomenon
• Deforestation and Land-Use Changes: Changes in land use, particularly deforestation, impact local climate patterns and reduce natural cooling mechanisms. For instance, deforestation reduces the presence of trees and vegetation that provide shade and evaporative cooling, resulting in increased surface temperatures.
• Regional Weather Patterns: The influence of regional weather patterns, such as delayed or absent monsoon rains, contributes to prolonged dry spells and the occurrence of heatwave conditions. In instances of weak or delayed monsoons, reduced moisture availability leads to high temperature conditions.
• Geographic Factors: Geographic elements, including the presence of heat-trapping features like mountains or deserts, amplify temperatures in specific regions. For example, geographical features such as mountains can create rain shadow regions, blocking moisture and resulting in arid conditions and higher temperatures.

Impacts:

1. Health Impacts: Heat waves contribute to increased mortality and heat-related illnesses, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like the elderly and outdoor workers.  For instance, a study from the Indian Meteorological Department revealed that heat waves caused around 2,500 deaths in India in 2015.
2. Agricultural Consequences: Heat waves resulting from high temperatures result in significant crop damage, leading to reduced agricultural productivity and economic losses for farmers
3. Water Scarcity: Increased water evaporation intensifies water demand for irrigation and domestic use, exacerbating water scarcity issues in regions already facing water stress.
4. Infrastructure Damage: Extreme temperatures can cause materials to expand, resulting in damage to roads, bridges, and buildings. Railway tracks may buckle under intense heat, disrupting transportation systems. In 2015, a heat wave caused widespread power outages in India, impacting millions.
5. Ecosystem Disruptions: High temperatures disrupt ecosystems by causing habitat loss, altering plant and animal behavior, and elevating the risk of wildfires. These disturbances have long-term implications for biodiversity and ecological balance.
6. Social and Economic Disruptions: Heat waves lead to social disruptions, prompting migration from rural to urban areas for relief from extreme heat. This migration strains urban Resources and services. Additionally, economic losses from heat-related damages and decreased productivity affect various sectors of the economy.

Measures for Climate Change Mitigation:

1. Transition to Renewable Energy:
   • Encourage the adoption of renewable energy Sources like solar, wind, and hydropower to decrease dependence on fossil fuels
   • Promote research and development initiatives aimed at creating efficient and clean energy production technologies
2. Forest Conservation and Reforestation:
   • Implement sustainable forest management practices and support reforestation projects to enhance carbon sequestration
3. Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture:
   • Promote climate-resilient farming methods, agroforestry, and effective water management techniques
   • Advocate for organic farming and reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
4. International Cooperation:- Strengthen global collaboration and agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and advance sustainable development.

Climate change presents significant challenges to ecosystems and human societies. By comprehending its causes and  consequences and implementing impactful mitigation measures, we can work towards protecting the environment, fostering sustainable development, and ensuring a resilient future for future generations.