Conserving the Endangered Nilgiri Tahr: Tamil Nadu Approach

The Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) is an iconic mountain ungulate endemic to the Western Ghats of India, specifically found in the southern regions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, as well as the Nilgiri Hills and the Eastern Ghats. These majestic animals inhabit rugged mountainous terrain, ranging from 1,200 to 2,600 meters, characterized by montane grasslands and shola forests. Recognizing the threats faced by this endangered species, the government of Tamil Nadu has launched a comprehensive conservation initiative, including a three-day survey, in collaboration with renowned organizations such as the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The Nilgiri Tahr: A Species in Peril

The Nilgiri Tahr is currently listed as an endangered species by the IUCN and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This designation highlights the severe threats faced by the species, including habitat loss, fragmentation due to human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, and infrastructure development, as well as poaching and competition with domestic livestock.

Over the years, the Nilgiri Tahr population has experienced a significant decline, primarily due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The once-contiguous landscapes of the Anamalai and Nilgiris have been fragmented, isolating populations and limiting their movement and gene flow. Additionally, poaching and competition with domestic livestock for resources further exacerbate the challenges faced by these mountain ungulates.

The Three-Day Survey: A Collaborative Effort

To address these threats and implement effective conservation measures, the Tamil Nadu government has launched a three-day synchronised survey of the Nilgiri Tahr. This initiative aims to better understand the current population status, distribution, and habitat requirements of the species.

The survey is being carried out in collaboration with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This collaborative effort brings together expertise from various stakeholders, underscoring the multi-faceted approach required for effective conservation.

Methodology and Approach

The survey methodology involves dividing the habitats in Tamil Nadu into 13 forest divisions, 100 forest beats, and 140 feasible blocks, with a particular emphasis on areas along the Kerala border, where significant populations of Nilgiri Tahr are found.

Two primary survey methods are being employed: the bounded-count method and the double observer method. The bounded-count method will be used in all areas, while the double observer method will be additionally employed in large contiguous landscapes with major populations, such as Grass Hills National Park, Mukurthi National Park, Silent Valley National Park, and Eravikulam National Park.

The involvement of the IUCN representative as an observer in the exercise underscores the global significance of this conservation effort and the importance of adhering to international standards and best practices.

Project Nilgiri Tahr: A Comprehensive Conservation Initiative

The survey results will serve as baseline data for Project Nilgiri Tahr, a comprehensive conservation initiative focused on stabilizing the population by addressing the threats faced by these mountain ungulates and possibly reintroducing the animal in historic habitats such as the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve.

Project Nilgiri Tahr has nine components, including biennial synchronised surveys, reintroduction in historic habitats, disease diagnosis, radio collaring, and ecotourism. This multi-faceted approach acknowledges the complex challenges faced by the species and the need for a holistic conservation strategy.

Existing Conservation Efforts

In addition to the Nilgiri Tahr survey and Project Nilgiri Tahr, several other initiatives have been undertaken to protect the species. The Eravikulam National Park in Kerala, which holds the largest Nilgiri Tahr population, has implemented strict conservation measures, including controlled tourism and habitat management. The Mukurthi National Park in Tamil Nadu was established in 1982 primarily to protect the Nilgiri Tahr and its habitat.

Captive breeding programs have also been initiated in some zoos to maintain a viable population and support reintroduction efforts. These ex-situ conservation measures complement the in-situ efforts, providing a safety net for the species and opportunities for research and education.

The Role of the IUCN

The IUCN, established in 1948, is the leading global authority on the status of the natural world and the actions necessary to protect it. As the world's largest and most diverse environmental network, the IUCN plays a crucial role in shaping the global conservation agenda through its democratic processes and international environmental agreements.

By collaborating with the IUCN, the Tamil Nadu government aims to leverage the organization's extensive expertise and resources in conservation efforts. The IUCN's involvement not only lends credibility to the initiative but also ensures adherence to global standards and best practices in species conservation.

Collaborative Efforts: The Key to Success

The collaboration between Tamil Nadu and Kerala, along with the involvement of leading conservation organizations such as the WII, WWF, and IUCN, highlights the importance of joint efforts in protecting biodiversity in the Western Ghats. Conservation challenges often transcend geographical boundaries, and a coordinated approach that leverages collective resources, expertise, and knowledge is essential for achieving meaningful and sustainable results.

Conclusion

The Nilgiri Tahr, an iconic and endangered species, represents the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats and the need for urgent conservation action. The Tamil Nadu government's three-day survey and the subsequent Project Nilgiri Tahr demonstrate a commitment to preserving this unique mountain ungulate and its habitat. By collaborating with renowned organizations and leveraging global expertise, this initiative has the potential to serve as a model for effective conservation efforts, not only in India but also around the world. Protecting the Nilgiri Tahr is not just about safeguarding a species; it is about preserving the intricate ecological balance and cultural heritage of the region for generations to come.