context: The Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning along coastal regions of Ishikawa, Niigata and Toyama prefectures.

The Japan Meterological Agency reported quakes off the coast of Ishikawa and nearby prefectures one of them with a preliminary magnitude of 7.6.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the shaking of the earth, a natural occurrence caused by the release of energy that produces waves spreading in all directions. Seismic waves, known as vibrations, are created during earthquakes and traverse through the Earth, being detected by instruments named seismographs. The starting point below the Earth's surface where the earthquake originates is termed the hypocenter, while the corresponding spot directly above it on the Earth's surface is identified as the epicenter.

Causes:

• Earthquakes result from the tectonic movements of the Earth, where energy is released, generating waves that propagate in all directions.
• The release of energy occurs at a specific point known as the focus or hypocentre, typically situated around 60 km below the Earth's surface.
• This release causes energy waves to radiate outward. The focus, or hypocentre, is the precise point of energy release.
• On the Earth's surface directly above the focus, the epicentre is located, serving as the initial location to encounter the seismic waves.

Tsunami:

Tsunamis, characterized by exceptionally long waves, result from significant and sudden shifts in the ocean caused by events such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Also known as seismic sea waves, tsunamis stand as formidable and devastating natural phenomena.

Causes:

Tsunamis result from the vertical movement of the seafloor, primarily triggered by various natural events. While earthquakes are the most common cause, other factors include volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, and meteorite impacts.

Earthquake:

Tsunamis are frequently generated by earthquakes that disturb the seafloor, especially along subduction boundaries of tectonic plates near ocean trenches. The magnitude of the tsunami is directly related to the scale of the earthquake.

Underwater Explosion:

Certain human activities, like nuclear testing, can also generate tsunamis. For instance, nuclear testing by the US in the 1940s and 1950s in the Marshall Islands led to tsunami formation.

Volcanic Eruption:

Volcanic eruptions occurring in coastal waters have the potential to induce tsunamis, as the associated effects can disrupt the water and generate powerful waves.

Landslides:

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often trigger landslides, and when these landslides occur underwater, particularly in oceans, bays, or lakes, they can produce tsunamis.

Meteorite Impacts:

While there is no documented historic example of a meteorite impact causing a tsunami, an apparent meteorite impact around 5 million years ago left deposits along the Gulf Coast of Mexico and the United States, suggesting the potential for tsunami generation.