Context: India’s Financial Intelligence Unit has issued show-cause notices to nine offshore crypto-currency operators, including Binance, for not complying with the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).

News:

• Show Cause Notices for compliance have been sent to nine offshore Virtual Digital Assets Service Providers (VDA SPs) under Section 13 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). The list comprises Binance, Kucoin, Huobi, Kraken, Gate.io, Bittrex, Bitstamp, MEXC Global, and Bitfinex.
• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has been instructed to block the URLs of these nine entities, as they have been conducting operations in India without adhering to the provisions of PMLA.

Virtual Digital Asset Service Providers (VDA SPs)

• They are involved in activities such as exchanging virtual digital assets for fiat currencies, transferring virtual digital assets, and safekeeping or administering virtual digital assets or instruments that enable control over them.
• In March 2023, they were brought under the Anti Money Laundering/Counter Financing of Terrorism (AML-CFT) framework as per the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering (PML) Act, 2002.
• These entities must register with the Financial Intelligence Unit as Reporting Entities and comply with obligations outlined in the PML Act.
• The obligations are based on activities and are not dependent on physical presence in India. The regulations impose reporting, record-keeping, and other obligations on VDA SPs under the PML Act, and 31 VDA SPs have registered with the Financial Intelligence Unit so far.

The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU)

It  is an independent body that directly reports to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC), chaired by the Finance Minister.

• Its functions include receiving cash/suspicious transaction reports, analyzing them, and disseminating pertinent financial information to intelligence/enforcement agencies and regulatory authorities.
• The FIU serves as the primary point of contact for reports on the purchase or sale of immovable property, suspicious transaction reports, cross-border wire transfer reports, and cash transaction reports from various reporting institutions.
• It analyzes the received information to identify patterns of transactions indicative of money laundering and related crimes.
• The FIU shares information with national intelligence/law enforcement agencies, regulatory authorities, and foreign Financial Intelligence Units.
• It also establishes and maintains a national database on cash and suspicious transactions, coordinates financial intelligence collection and sharing on a national, regional, and global scale, and conducts research and analysis on money laundering trends.
• With a sanctioned strength of 75 personnel from various government departments, FIU members are inducted from organizations such as CBDT, CBEC, RBI, SEBI, the Department of Legal Affairs, and intelligence agencies.

 Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), passed in 2002 in India, establishes a legal framework to prevent money laundering and ensure alignment with international standards for combating financial crimes.

Key Features of PMLA Act 2002:

• Definition of Money Laundering: Acquiring, possessing, or transferring any proceeds of a crime or knowingly entering into a transaction related to the proceeds of a crime constitutes money laundering under the Act.
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• Punishments and Penalties: Stringent penalties, including imprisonment and fines, are prescribed for individuals involved in money laundering.
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• Attachment and Confiscation of Property: The Act empowers authorities to attach and confiscate properties obtained through laundered money.
• Reporting Obligations: Financial institutions and other entities are mandated to maintain records and report high-value transactions and suspicious activities.
• Establishment of Adjudicating Authority:Authorities, such as the Adjudicating Authority, the Appellate Tribunal, and the Director (Financial Intelligence Unit), are established to enforce the Act's provisions.
• International Cooperation: The Act facilitates international cooperation in cross-border money laundering cases.