Guidelines for Isolation and Prevention of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Safeguarding Yourself and Others

Introduction to HMPV
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that predominantly affects young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. It can cause illnesses ranging from mild respiratory infections to severe conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recently, there has been a global increase in HMPV cases, including reports from Karnataka, India.

Strengthened Surveillance and Testing
To track and control HMPV, the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), in partnership with state health departments, has implemented targeted measures:

• Testing Protocols: All SARI cases must now be tested for HMPV, with specialized testing kits distributed to states.

• Enhanced Monitoring: Healthcare facilities are increasing vigilance for trends in respiratory infections, focusing on SARI and ILI cases.

When is HMPV Most Contagious?
HMPV is most transmissible during the early days of infection, typically between 3 to 6 days after symptoms begin. Experts explain:

• Dr. Jha: "Contagion peaks during the initial stages when symptoms like fever, cough, and nasal congestion are most pronounced."

• Dr. Nangia: "The highest transmission risk is around the third or fourth day of illness, though early-stage spread is also possible."

HMPV spreads via respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces, with close contact significantly increasing transmission risk.

Precautionary Measures to Limit Spread
Adopting proper hygiene and distancing practices can help curb HMPV transmission:

• Physical Distancing: Maintain a safe distance from infected individuals, particularly during the contagious phase.

• Hand Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or use alcohol-based sanitisers.

• Mask Usage: Wearing N95 masks in close-contact settings minimizes transmission risks.

• Cough Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when sneezing or coughing, and dispose of tissues immediately.

• Surface Sanitization: Regularly clean high-touch surfaces like doorknobs and mobile phones.

• Avoid Physical Greetings: Opt for non-contact greetings, such as a Namaste, instead of handshakes.

HMPV Isolation Guidelines
Isolation is essential for controlling the spread of HMPV. Key points include:

• Duration of Isolation: Stay home for at least 3–4 days or until symptoms like fever and cough improve. Prolong isolation if symptoms persist or worsen.

• Ending Isolation:

  • Dr. Jha: "Isolation can end when fever and respiratory symptoms resolve without medication."

  • Dr. Nangia: "Once significant symptom improvement occurs, it’s generally safe to discontinue isolation."

Recognizing Recovery and Returning to Normal Activities
While HMPV is typically not severe, vigilance is crucial to protect at-risk groups. Signs of recovery include:

• Fever-Free: No fever for at least 24 hours without medication.

• Reduced Symptoms: Noticeable improvement or resolution of cough and cold symptoms.

• Restored Energy: Ability to carry out daily tasks without fatigue or breathlessness.

By staying informed about HMPV’s contagious nature, preventive measures, and recovery protocols, individuals can effectively protect themselves and others from respiratory illnesses.