Exploring the Ancient Buddhist Heritage of Ratnagiri, Odisha

ASI Resumes Ratnagiri Excavations After 60 Years

In December 2024, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) resumed excavations at the ancient Buddhist complex in Ratnagiri, Odisha, after a 60-year gap. Led by ASI’s superintending archaeologist, D B Garnayak, the project aims to uncover more of Ratnagiri's rich history and explore Odisha's cultural and maritime connections with Southeast Asia.

Recent Discoveries at Ratnagiri

The ongoing excavations have unearthed a wealth of artifacts and architectural remains offering valuable insights into the site's past. Notable discoveries include:

• A Colossal Buddha Head: Dating back to the 8th- 9th century AD, this remarkable find showcases the era's intricate craftsmanship.

• A Massive Palm Sculpture: Possibly part of a larger Buddha statue, this piece highlights the artistic and spiritual vibrancy of ancient Ratnagiri.

• An Ancient Wall and Inscribed Relics: These remnants suggest the site's importance as a center of Buddhist learning and worship.

Historical Context of Buddhism in Odisha

• Ashoka’s Influence: Buddhism’s deep roots in Odisha can be traced to Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, whose transformation after the Kalinga war in 261 BCE helped spread Buddhism across his empire and to Southeast Asia.

• The Bhaumakara Dynasty: Between the 8th and 10th centuries, this dynasty played a crucial role in promoting Buddhism in Odisha, with Ratnagiri becoming an important center of Buddhist learning.

Geographical and Cultural Importance of Ratnagiri

• Location: Situated in Jajpur district, Ratnagiri is part of Odisha’s Diamond Triangle, alongside Udaygiri and Lalitgiri.

• Maritime Links with Southeast Asia: Odisha’s historical trade connections with Southeast Asia, involving items like pepper, silk, and gold, helped spread Buddhism across the region.

Ratnagiri as a Center of Buddhist Learning

• Peak Period: From the 7th to the 10th centuries, Ratnagiri thrived as a hub for Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.

• Comparison to Nalanda: Scholars suggest Ratnagiri rivaled Nalanda in its role as a center of Buddhist study, especially in the development of Vajrayana practices.

Previous Excavations and Findings

• Early Excavations: The first major excavations, conducted from 1958 to 1961 by Debala Mitra, uncovered key structures like a brick stupa, monastic complexes, and numerous stupas.

• Recent Excavations: Under Garnayak, the new efforts focus on uncovering partially visible structures, exploring a shrine or chaitya complex, and studying the site's ceramic artifacts.

Significance of the Excavations

The discoveries reaffirm Odisha's central role in the spread of Buddhism, particularly to Southeast Asia, and highlight the importance of continued research and preservation to better understand India’s ancient history.

Government Initiatives and Future Plans

• Tourism Development: The Odisha government is working to enhance tourism by restoring historical sites like Ratnagiri and improving infrastructure for better accessibility.

• Cultural Revival: Efforts are underway to showcase Odisha’s Buddhist heritage globally, fostering cultural pride and stimulating local economies.