Man made substances

Man made substances

1. Fertilizers:

The substances added to the soil to make up the deficiency of essential elements are known as fertilizers, these are natural or synthetic (chemical). For a chemical fertilizer, the following requirements should be met:

(i)   It must be sufficiently soluble in water

(ii)  It should be stable so that the element in it may be available for a longer time.

(iii) It should contain nothing injurious to plants.

Among the chemical fertilizers the two important categories are:

Phosphatic Fertilizers:

All naturally occurring phosphates are orthophosphates, the most abundant of these being rock phosphate [Ca₃(PO₄)₂], which is mostly consumed by the fertilizer industry in the manufacture of ‘superphosphate of lime’, ‘triple superphosphate’ and ‘nitrophos’–– a combined phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizer. Other phosphatic fertilizers are ammoninum dihydrogen orthophosphate and diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate, which also conteract nitrogen deficiency.

Nitrogenous Fertilizers:

Plants need nitrogen for rapid growth and increase in their protein content. For this reason, nitrogenous fertilizers become more important. The chief nitrogeneous fertilizers are ammonium sulphate, calcium cyanamide, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, diammo-nium phosphate and ammonium phosphate.

2. Dyes:

Coloured substances used for colouring textiles, foodstuffs, silk, wool, etc. are called dyes.

Different classes of dyes are given below-

(i) Nitro dyes:

These are polynitro derivatives of phenol where nitro group acts as a chromophore and hydroxyl group as auxochrome. These are less important industrially because the colours are not fast.

(ii) Azo dyes:

These are an important class of dyes and are characterized by the presence of azo group (––N==N––) as the chromophore. The groups like NH₂, NR₂ or –– OH, etc., present in the molecule containing one or more azo groups act as the auxochromes.

(iii) Triphenyl methane dyes:

These dyes contain the paraquinoid moiety as a chromophore and ––OH, ––NH₂ or ––NR₂ as auxochrome. These dyes are not fast to light and washing and hence are mainly used for colouring paper or typewriter ribbons, e.g. malachite green which is used for dyeing wool and silk directly and cotton after mordanting with tannin.

(iv) Mordant dyes:

Those dyes which are fixed on the fibre with the help of a mordant are known as mordant dyes. For acidic dyes, basic mordants (such as hydroxides or iron, aluminium and chromium) are used, while for basic dyes, acidic mordants (like tannic acid) are used. Here the fabric is first dipped into a solution of mordant and then tinto the dye solution. TH colour produced depends on the nature of the mordants used.

(v) Vat dyes:

These are water insoluble dyes and are introduced into the fibre in its (soluble) reduced form, also known as leuco form (colourless). These are called vat dyes because reducing operation (using sodium hydrosulphite) was formerly carried out in wooden vats. Indigo is a vat dye and is used for dyeing cotton.

Cement:

It is a complex material containing the silicates of calcium and aluminium. A paste of it in water sets into a hard rocky mass-called the setting of cement. A paste of sand, cement and water called mortar, is very conveniently used for joining bricks and plastering walls.

A mixture of stone chips (gravel) sand cement and water, known as concrete. Sets harder than ordinary mortar. It is used for flooring and making roads. Concrete with steel bars and wires called reinforced concrete (RC) forms a very strong material. It is used for constructing roofs, bridges and pillars.

Glass:

Super cooled liquid is called glass. SiO₂ is it's common constituent.

(a) Soda glass or soda lime glass:

It is Sodium calcium silicate (Na₂O CaO 5SiO₂). It is the cheapest of all glasses and used  for making window panes and bottles and easily attacked by chemicals.

(b) Potash glass:

It contains potassium in place of sodium, it has higher softening temperature as also a greater resistance to chemicals. So used for chemical apparature; breaker, flasks, funnels etc.

(c) Optical glass:

It is used for making lenses, prisms and optical instruments like telescopes and microscopes. It contains boric oxide (B₂O₃) and silica (SiO₂)

Types: (i) Crown glass: Contains K₂O & BaO as the basic oxide

            (ii) Flint glass: Contains PbO as the basic oxide.

(d) Croocks glass: for spectacles:

Absorbs ultraviolet rays which are harmful for the eyes.

(e) Lead crystal and crystal glass:

Lead glass sparkles used for making decorative items. It contains 24% or more of PbO called lead crystal. If it contains term than 24% lead oxide called crystal glass.

(f) Borosilicate glass:

It contains less alkali (K₂O or CaO₃) and more SiO₂ than potash glass and some B₂O

(g) Coloured glass:

It is used for making artificial jewellery, crockery and stained glass windows.

(h) Milky glass:

Milky glass is prepared by adding tin oxide (SnO₂). Calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) or cryolite (AH₃3NaF) to the melt glass. All these substances are white so look milky.

(i) Glass laminates:

It is made by fixing polymer sheets between layers of glass. It is used to make windows & Screens of cars, trains and aircraft specially manufactured glass laminates are used bulletproof material.

Some common man-made polymers and their uses

Paints: Chemical, contains a pigment as a vehicle and a thinner.

White pigment: Zinc oxide, white lead and titanium dioxide. The pigment is mixed with a vehicle, which is an oil like linseed or soyabean oil or a polymer. A thinner is a solvent such as turpentine oil or kerosene.

Luminous paints: Glow when exposed to light. Paints are applied on a surface to protect it from corrosion and weathering or to give it an attractive look.

Soaps and Detergents: Soaps are the sodium or Potassium salts of fatty acids. They are made by the saponification of fats. Detergents are made from some petroleum products.

Antibiotic: Medicinal compounds produced by moulds and bacteria, capable of destroying or preventing the growth of bacteria in animal systems.

Antibody: Kinds of substances formed in the blood, tending to inhibit or destroy harmful bacteria, etc.

Antidote: Medicine used against a poinson, or to prevent a disease from having effect.

Antigen: Substance capable of stimulating formation of antibodies.

Antimony: A brittle, crystalline, silvery white metal.

Antipyretie: A substance used to lower body temperature.

Pesticides: Many living organism destroy crops or eat away grains. They are collectively known as pests. To kill chemical used called pesticides.

Insecticides: D.D.T. aluminium phosphate gammexine.

Fungicide: Thiram, Bordeanx mixture CaCaSO₄5H₂O + (OH)₂

Reodenticides: Aluminium phosphide.

Herbicides: Benzipram, benzadox.

Medicines: To cure diseases by biological change in the body.

Analgesics: Painkillers are called analgesics eg, Aspirin, Paracetamol and morphine.

Antimalarial drugs: Used to treat malaria quinine derivatives eg, chlovoquine.

Destroy microorganism: Penicillin, Aminogly considers, oftoxaim, Homophonic.

Sulphadrugs: Alternatives of antibiotics, sulphanilamide, sulphadiazine, Sulpha gunamidine.

Antaoxide: Substances which remove the excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate level in scotch are called antacids. It is caused by excess of HCl in the gastric juice magnesium hydrate, magazines carbonate, magnesium truistical, aluminium phosphene are common antacids.

Epsom salt: Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄ . 7H₂O), used in medicines to empty bowels.

Chloroform: A sweetish, colourless liquid. It is used as a solvent and anaesthetic.

Saccharin: A white crystalline solid which is 550 times sweeter than sugar, but does not have any food value. It is used by diabetic patients.

DDT: Dichloro diphenyl tricholoro ethane, a white powder used as an insecticide.