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Unit and Dimension Unit: The chosen standard used for measuring a physical quantity is called unit. The unit should be: 1. Well defined 2. Easy to reproduce 3. Easy to compare 4. Internationally accepted independent of chang
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Motion When an object shifts its position in relation to a reference point within a specific time frame, it is said to be in motion. The change in a body's position with respect to a frame of reference as time changes is measured and expre
Work, Energy, and Power Work If a body gets displaced when a force acts on it, work is said to be done. Work is measured by the product of force and displacement of the body along the direction of force. If a body gets
Gravitation Every body attracts every other body by a force called the force of gravitation. Newton’s Law of Gravitation The force of gravitational attraction between two point bodies is directly proportional to the product o
Pressure Definition: Pressure is defined as a force acting normally on a unit area of the surface. Unit of Pressure: SI unit of pressure is N/m², also called pascal (Pa). Pressure is a scalar quantity.
Buoyant Force When a body is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, a force acts on the body by the liquid in the upward direction. This force is called the Buoyant force or the force of buoyancy or upthrust. It is equal to the weigh
1. Cohesive Force The force of attraction between the molecules of the same substance is called the cohesive force. Cohesive force is maximum in solids. This is why solids have a fixed shape. Cohesive
1. Periodic Motion Any motion that repeats itself after a regular interval of time is called periodic or harmonic motion. Examples: Motion of the hands of a clock Motion of the Earth around the Sun Motion of the nee
1. Viscous Force The force that opposes the relative motion between different layers of liquid or gases is called the viscous force. 2. Viscosity Definition Viscosity is the property of a liquid by virtue of whic
1. Definition of a Wave A wave is a disturbance that propagates energy from one place to the other without the transport of matter. Waves are broadly of two types: Mechanical Wave Non-mechanical Wave 2. Mechanical W
Heat Heat is that form of energy that flows from one body to another due to the difference in temperature between them. The amount of heat contained in a body depends upon the mass of the body. If work performed is W and
Thermal Expansion When a body is heated, its length, surface area, and volume increase. The increase in length, area, and volume with the increase in temperature is measured in terms of: Coefficient of Linear Expansion or Linear Expansivity
The amount of heat required to change the state of a unit mass of a substance at constant temperature is called latent heat. If Q heat is required to change the state of a substance of mass m at constant temperature and L is the latent heat, t
Light and Its Nature Light as a Form of Energy Light is a form of energy that is propagated as electromagnetic waves. In the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, it lies between the ultraviolet and infrared regions and has a wavelen
Laws of Reflection The Incident Ray, Reflected Ray, and Normal: The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the reflecting surface at the incident point all lie in the same plane. Angle of Reflection: The angle of reflection i
Power of a Lens Definition: The power of a lens is its capacity to deviate a ray. It is measured as the reciprocal of the focal length in meters, i.e., the SI unit of power: diopter (D). Lens Power for Different Lens
Human Eye The human eye basically consists of a convex lens. This lens forms a real and inverted image of an object on the retina. There are two kinds of vision cells in the retina. They are called rods and cones due to their peculiar shape. Rods
Electrification of Bodies When two bodies are rubbed together, they acquire the property of attracting light objects like small bits of paper, dust particles, etc. The bodies that acquire this property are said to be electrified or charged wit
Electric Current Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charge or charge flowing per unit time interval. Its direction is the direction of flow of positive charge. The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A), and it is a sca
Magnetism is the property displayed by magnets and produced by the movement of electric charges, which results in objects being attracted or pushed away. Magnet A magnet is a piece of iron or other material that can attract iron-containing obje
Atomic Physics E. Rutherford, Father of Nuclear Physics E. Rutherford is known as the father of nuclear physics. Structure of an Atom An atom is the smallest part of matter that takes part in chemical reactions. Atoms of t
Electronics Electronics is the branch of physics and technology concerned with the behaviour and movement of electrons. Electron Emission In metals, the electrons from the outermost orbit of an atom become free at room temperature. However,
List of Scientific Instruments & Their Uses Instrument Use Altimeter Measures altitudes (used in aircraft) Ammeter Measures strength o
Inventions and their Inventors Invention Inventor Country Year Adding machine Pascal France 1642
SI Units and Their Symbols Quantity SI Symbol Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg
