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Comprehensive Biology Study Materials for Competitive Exams
Biology
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Biology Branch of science in which the scientific study of life is done. Bios = life and logos = study. Therefore, the study of life is called biology. The term 'biology' was first coined by Lamarck and Treviranus in the year 1801.
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What is Living? The word 'living' cannot be defined. Living organisms mostly use solar energy. There are certain characters by which living can be distinguished from non-living. Characteristics of Living Organi
Cell and Cytology The study of cells is called cytology. Cell – Cytology, Main features & function, Types of cell, Plant cell, Animal cell, Cell structure, Protoplasm, Cell membrane, Chromosome, DNA, RNA, Protoplasm, Lysosome, Mit
Genetics and Heredity Heredity Transmission of character from one generation to the next generation is called heredity. Genetics The process of transfer of hereditary character from generation to generation is called
Human Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination Sex Chromosomes in Humans In human males, the sex chromosome is XY, whereas in females, it is XX. During gamete formation in males, half of the sperm contain an ‘X’ chrom
Organic Evolution More and more creation of organisms by gradual change from low-category organisms to higher organisms is called organic evolution. There is much evidence regarding organic evolution. Evidence of Organic Evolution 1. Hom
Botany
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The study of forms and features of different parts of plants, like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc., is called morphology. Root The root is the descending part of the plant which develops from the radicle. Root hairs arise f
Botany The study of different types of trees & plants is called Botany. Theophrastus is called the father of Botany. Aristotle is known as father of biology. In the year 1883, Eicher classified the botanical world as under: 1. Crypto
The group of cells have a common origin and usually perform a common function. Types of Plant Tissue A. Meristematic Tissue Growing regions of the plants are called meristems. Meristematic tissue has the capability of cell division. Daughter
Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants synthesise their food, like glucose, from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight with the help of chlorophyll. Essential Requirements for Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide, water,
1. Auxins Auxin was discovered by Darwin in the year 1880. This is the hormone which controls the growth of plants. Its formation takes place in the apical parts of the plants. Main functions are – It prevents the separation of t
Ecology Study of the Interrelationship Between Living Organisms and Their Environment Environments include both biotic and abiotic factors. Various populationsliving in a definite geographical region are called a bio
Pollution Unwanted changes in the chemical and physical features of air, water and land (environment) that are dangerous to humans and other organisms, their life conditions, industrial processes and cultural achievements are called pollution.
Zoology
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Medicinal Discoveries Inventions/Discoveries Inventor/Discoverer Vitamin F.G. Hopkins, Cosimir Funk Vitamin-A Mc. Collum
Scientific study of the structure, form and distribution of animals called Zoology. John Ray was the scientist who developed key for identification of animals. Classification of Animal Kingdom The animal kingdom of the world is divided into
Animal Tissues The animal tissues can be divided into the following categories – Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue 1. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial ti
(A) Digestive System The complete process of nutrition is divided into five stages: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Defecation 1. Ingestion Taking the food into mouth is cal
To maintain the life organisms performs some basic function is called nutrition. Nutrition is one of the basic function of life in which intake of food, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of undigested foods are included. Nutrient
Biotechnology It deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes which are useful for humans. Ex – making curd, bread or wine in which microbes are used. Genetic
Diseases Caused by Protozoa S. Disease Affected Organ Parasites Carrier Symptoms 1. Malaria RBC &
Medicinal Discoveries and Important Scientific Facts Inventions and Discoveries Invention/Discovery Inventor/Discoverer Vitamin F.G. Hopkins, Cosimir Funk
