Biotechnology & Applied Biology

Biotechnology & Applied Biology

Biotechnology:

It deal with techniques of using live organism or enzymes from organisms to produce product and processes which are useful for humans.
Ex – making curd, bread or wine in which microbes are used.

Genetic Engineering:

This is the techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA & RNA) and introduce into host organism, which change the phenotype of the host organism.

Bioprocess Engineering:

Maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of only desired microbes or eukaryotic cells in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes etc.

Restriction enzyme:

This is known as molecular scissors cutting the DNA at specific location.

Plasmid:

In addition to genomic DNA many bacteria have extra small circular DNA known as plasmid.

• Due to presence of plasmid bacteria is resistance to many antibiotics. This create an unique phenotypic characters in bacteria.
• A plasmid can be used as vector to deliver an alien piece of DNA into host organism.

DNA ligase:

• This is an enzyme by which cut end on DNA molecule join together.

Recombinant DNA:

This is a DNA which has been created by combining two fragments of DNA from two different sources.

Cloning:

Producing large number of identical copy of any template, DNA is called cloning.

• Application of biotechnology includes agriculture, therapeutic, diagnostic, biopharmaceutical, processed food, waste treatment and energy production.
• Restrication enzyme belongs to larger class of enzyme called nucleases.
• Exonuclease removes nucleotide from the end of DNA.
• Endonuclease cut at specific position within the DNA.
• Plant, bacteria, fungi and animals whose gene have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically organisms (GSO).
• Game therapy is a collection of method that allow correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child or embryo.
• The first clinical gene theraphy was given in 1990 to a four year girl with adenosine demin
• Genetically modified plants are useful in increasing crop yields, reduce the losses and make the crop more tolerant to stresses.
• Papaver somniferum plant yields powerful analgesic.
• Major source of sugar in the world is Saccharum Officinarum.
•  Cocos nucifera a plant material, which is widely used in the preparation of culture medium.
• To yield milk, cow is given prolactin.
• The best way to determine paternity is DNA finger printing.
• Chloromycetin is obtain from streptomycetin venezualae.
• Genetic engineering is applied in the development of “Recombinant Vector Vaccines” in which bacteria and virus are used as vectors.
• Bollgard I and Bollgard II technology are used in developing genetically modified crop plant.
• The team ‘ACE-2’ is talked about in the context of spread of viral disease.
• A diagnostic test, Real time PCR for COVID – 19 detects RNA of virus.
• Rapid Antibodies Test does not require sample from nose and throat in covid-19 test approved by Indian council of Medical Research.
• Sinova given for Covid-19 is a whole virus vaccine.
• DNA Barcoding can be a tool to – distinguish among species that look alike.
• The serum Institute of India produced Covid-19 vaccine name covishield using m RNA plateform.
• Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured by using vector base platform.
• Covaxin is an inactivated pathogen based vaccine.