Zoology

Human Diseases

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Human Diseases

Diseases caused by Protozoa:

S.	Disease	Affected organ	Parasites	Carrier	Symptoms mosquito
1.	Malaria	RBC & Liver	Plasmodium	Female Anophelies	Fever with shivering
2.	Pyorrhea	Gums	Entamoeba gingivelis	_	Bleeding from gums
3.	Sleeping sickness	Brain	Trypanosoma	Tse-Tse flies	Fever with severe sleep
4.	Diarrhea	Intestine	Entamoeba histolytica	_	Mucous & Diarrohea with blood
5.	Kala-ajar	Bone marrow	Leismania donovani	Sand flies	High fever

Malignant malaria is pernicious malaria, caused by plasmodium falciparum. Charles Leveran discovered the Malaria Parasite, plasmodium in the blood of the affected person in the year 1880.
Ronald Ross (1897) confirmed the Malaria is caused by malaria parasite and told that mosquito is the carrier of it.
Organism that transmits disease from one individual to another is called vector.
Female culex mosquito is the vector of filariasis.
Quinine is the effective medicine used in the treatment of malaria obtains from the bark of cinchona tree.
Diarrhea: The reason of this disease is the presence of internal protozoa namely Entamoeba histolytica which is spread through house flies. It causes wounds in the intestine. Protein digesting enzyme, Trypsin is destroyed in this. This disease is mostly found in children.

Diseases caused by Bacteria:

Disease	Affected organ	Name of Bacteria	Symptoms
Tetanus	Nervous system	Clostridium Telani	High fever, spasm in body, closing of laws etc.
Cholera	Intestine	Vibrio cholera	Continuous stool and vomiting
Typhoid	Intestine	Salmonella typhia	High fever, headache
Tuberculosis	Lungs	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Repeated coughing, loss or weight
Diphtheria	Respiratory tube	Corynebacterium diphthriae	Difficult in respiration and suffocation Very high fever, muscular eruption on the body
Plague	Lungs, area between the two legs	Pasteurella pesties	Very high fever, muscular eruptions on the body
Whooping cough	Respiratory system	Hemophilis pertusis	Continuous coughing
Pneumonia	Lungs	Streptococcus pneumonia	High fever, swelling in lungs
Leprosy	Nervous System, Skin	Mycobacterium leprae	Sports on body, nerves affected
Gonorrhea	Urinary path	Neisseria Gonorrhoeae	Swellign in urinary path
Syphilis	Urinary path	Treponema palidum	Wounds in urinogenial tract
Trachoma	Eye	Chlamydia trachomatis	Red eyes, Pain in eye.

Note: In the year 1882, German scientist Robert Koch discovered the bacteria of Cholera and T.B.

Tuberculosis is also known as white plague.
Birds flu is a disease that affects human beings and spread through poultry.
If waste material contaminate the source of drinking water, the most probability to spread the disease is Typhoid.
Anthrax disease is caused by bacteria.
Vaccine: It is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen which provides active acquired immunity to the body for a particular disease.
Vaccination: Administration of vaccine to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop immunity to a pathogen, producing antibodies.

Vaccine	Name of disease
DPT	Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus given to child up to one year.
BCG	Bacillus, Calmette-Guerin. It provides immunization against tuberculosis given the child up to one to four month.
OPV (Polio)	Oral polio vaccine is given to the child from 2 month to 6 year.

Louis Pasteur discovered the vaccine of Rabies and pasteurization of milk.
Rotavirus vaccine is used to prevent diarrhea.
In 1974 the immunization programme introduce in India as ‘Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) by ministry of Health and Family welfare

Diseases caused by Viruses

S.	Disease	Affected organ	Name of virus	Symptoms
1.	AIDS/HIV	Defensive system of body like lymphocytes	HIV (Human Immuno deficiency Virus)	Immune system of body become weak
2.	Dengue fever also known as Break bone fever	Whole body	Large no. of Dengue virus transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquito	High fever, Headaches, joint and muscle pain, Vomiting and rashes. Sometime it causes bleeding from noses, gums
3.	Polio	Throat and intestines. After that spread to brain and spinal cord causing paralysis	Polio Virus	Fever, body pain, muscular weakness, headache, nausea
4.	Influenza	Nose, throat, lung	Influnza Virus	Runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, restlessness
5.	Chicken pox	Whole body	Varicella-Zoster Viruses (VZV)	Itchy rashes all over the body, fluid filled blisters
6.	Small pox	Whole body	Variola Virus	Fever, Headahes, muscle aches, severe back pain eruption of boil on the body
7.	Measles	Whole body	Morbili Virus	Fever, tiredness, red rashes on the body, cough, runny nose, muscle pain
8.	Hepatitis or Jaundice	Liver	Hepatitis Virus	Dark yellow colour urine, abdominal pain. Loss of appetite, weight loss, yellow skin and eyes
9.	Rabies	Nervous system	Rabies virus transmitted by dog bite	Fear from water, sever headache, excess salivation, muscle spasms, high fever, mental confusion
10.	Meningitis	Brain and spinal cord	Virus	High fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, seizures (fits)
11.	Herpes	Skin	Herpes Simplex virus (HSV)	Contagious sores, most often around the mouth
12.	Mumps	Salivary gland	Viral infection	Swollen, painful salivary glands, fever, headache, fatigue and appetite loss
13.	COVID-19	Respiratory system later on any part of the body	SARS-COV-Z virus	Fever, cough, tiredness, loss of taste or smell diarrhea, headache sore throat

Note: AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Elisa Test: Test of HIV Virus (AIDS)

The transmission of HIV infection generally occurs through transfusion of contaminated blood, HIV infect helper lymphocytes which makes the immune system of body weak.
The disease which has been eradicated is small pox.
N₁H₁ virus is related with the disease swine flue.
Dengue fever is transmitted by the vector Aedes aegypte.
Zika disease is caused by a virus transmitted by day time active Aedes mosquito.
Epidemic diseases are infectious disease affecting many person at the same time and spread from person to person. Ex – Cholera, Corona, Influenza etc.
The diseases Rubella is caused by virus.
National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (NVHCP) aim to achieve country wide elimination of Hepatitis ‘C’ by 2030.
According to WHO, the official name of the virus responsible for Covid-19 disease – SARS-Cov-2.
Researchers has discovered recently antibody of Nipah Virus in bats from Mahabalaswar cave.
Probiotics help to provide the beneficial bacteria for healthy digestion.
Mission COVID Suraksha is to accelerate development of covid vaccine.
India’s vaccine diplomacy in which Covid-19 vaccine made in India was supplied to other countries – called Vaccine Maitri.
Giving access to consumption of sugar as source of energy in diet, for the poorest of the poor sections of society has been initiated under Antyodaya Anaa Yojana.

Covishield, the Covid vaccine of India approved by WHO, is manufactured by Serum Institute, Pune.
Sulphur drug is antibacterial.
Common cold is sometime caused by Adenovirus where as AIDS is caused by retrovirus.

Medical Instrument

Pacemaker: It is small device that is placed in the chest to control abnormal heart beat.
Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan): Used to investigate abnormal functioning of the body.
Electro cardiograph (ECG): To find out the abnormality of heart.
Electroencephalogram (EEG): Use to detect malfunctioning of brain.
Rhinoscope is an instrument for examining the nose.
Ultrasonic waves are used to know the growth of fetus in the womb.
Concave mirror is used by dentist to see the image of teeth of a patient.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Use to find out any abnormality in the whole body.
Auto analyser: Use to examine glucose, urea and cholesterol.

Diseases caused by helminths:

Filaria: This disease is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. This worm is transmitted by the stings of culex mosquitoes. This disease cause swelling in legs, testes and other parts of the body. This disease is also known as Elephantiasis.

Diseases caused by Fungus:

1. Asthma:

The spores of the fungi, namely Aspergillus fumigates reaches the lungs of the human and constitutes a net like formation, thus, obstructs the function of lungs. This is a infectious disease.

2. Athlete’s foot:

This disease is caused by the fungi namely Tenia Pedes. This is an infectious disease of skin which spreads mainly due to the cracking of feet.

3. Scabies:

This disease is caused by the fungi namely Acarus scabies. In this disease the skin itches and white sports found one the skin.

4. Baldness:

This is caused by the fungi namely Taenia capitis. Due to this hair of the head falls.

5. Ringworm:

This disease spreads through the fungi namely Trycophyton Lerucosum. This is a infectious disease. Round red spot found on the skin.

Some Other Diseases:

Paralysis or Hemiplegia: In this disease within a few minutes half of the body is paralyzed. The nerves of the paralyzed part become inactive. The reason of this disease is due to high blood pressure bursting of any blood vessels of brain or insufficient supply of blood to brain.
Allergy: Some substance like dust, smoke, chemical, clothes, cold are dangerous to some persons. There are reactions in their body, which causes various like problems Itching, pimples, swelling in body, black spot, eczema etc. are the examples of allergy.
Schizophrenia: This is a mental disease which usually found in youth. The patient considers the imagination as a truth, not to the facts. These patients are lazy, emotionless etc. Electropahy is helpful in this disease.
Epilepsy: This disease is caused by the internal disturbance of brain. In this disease, foam coming out of the mouth and the patient fell down unconsciously.

Epilepsy is a disorder resulting in abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells causing seizuries.

Diplopia: This disease is caused by the paralysis of muscles of the eyes, in which double image is formed.
Bronchitis: It is caused by the inflammation of tubes leading from the wind pipe to lungs.
Colds: This is highly infectious disease and is caused by a virus which result in bad throat, headache and watery nose.
Colic: Severe pain in the abdomen caused by spasm of the internal organs usually the intestines.
Delirium: It is a serious mental disturbance occurring under the influence of poisonous drugs.
Hydrophobia: A disease cause by bite of a mad dog.
Hyper metropia (long sightedness): One can see the object of longer distance but not the object of nearer one. It can be corrected by convex lens.
Myopia (short sightedness): In this disease person can see the object of nearer distance but not see the object of longer distance. It is corrected by using concave lens.
Hypokalemia: It is deficiency disease caused by severe deficiency of mineral potassium.
Migrain: An allergic disease in which there is a periodic attack of headache takes place. It is and incurable disease.
Obesity: Excessive fatness is called obesity measured by basal metabolic index (BMI).
Piles: There are various vein in the rectum. Due to extra pressure on vein it prevent the free flow of blood creating problem. It is caused due to constipation.
Rheumatism: The symptom of this disease is fever with joints pain.
Atherosclerosis: Deposition of cholesterol in the human of arteries which prevent the flow of blood is called atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis: Due to deposition of cholesterol and calcium salt arteries became stiff and rigid. It loses the property of elasticity due to which wall of arteries may rapture.
Uremia: Presence of excess of urea in blood is called uremia. This is caused by malfunctioning of kidney.
Glycosuria: Presence of excess of glucose in urine is known as glycosuria.
Arthritis: It is disease in which inflammation of joints takes place.
Osteoporosis: It is a age dependent disorder of bone in which low bone mass and increased fragility takes place.
Hyperglycemia: It is disorder in which the concentration of glucose in the blood is high.
Hypoglycemia: It is a condition in which the concentration of glucose in the blood is very low.
Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of alveoli of lung.
Emphysema: It is the abnormal distension of alveoli which result in the loss of elasticity. Cigarette smoke and chronic bronchitis are two main causes.
Cancer: The uncontrolled growth of cell by its multiplication.

There are four type of cancer:
1. Carcinoma: It is also known as skin cancer occur in epithelial tissue, cause by ultraviolet rays of sun.
2. Sarconoma: Cancerous growth in connective tissue, bones, cartilage and muscles is called Sarconoma.

3. Leukaemia: Abnormal growth in the number of leucocytes, also known as blood cancer.

4. Lymphonoma: Cancerous growth occurs in lymph node or spleen.

Chemotharapy: Chemotharapy is used in the treatment of cancer.
Haemophilia: It is a genetic disease in which blood loss the ability of clotting.
Presbyopia: It is a defect of vision which arises due to diminishing flexibility of the eye lens losing the ability to focus on object. It is an age related condition due to loss of flexibility of lens. It is corrected by using bifocal lens.
Bulimia: A man who dares not know when to stop eating is suffering from bulimia.
Siderosis: This is a disease caused by inhalation of iron dust.
Myophia is corrected by using concave lens.