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Essential Indian History Study Materials for Competitive Exams
Ancient India
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What is History? The study of the Past is called ‘History’. The English word ‘History is derived from the Greek word ‘historia’, meaning research, inquiry or investigation. The Greek historia
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Historical sources provide information about events of the past. They are mainly of two types: Literary Sources—These are written records such as religious texts, historical writings, and biographies. Archaeologic
Africa was the original homeland of humans. For this reason Africa is called 'the Cradle of Humankind'. The following two theories are prevalent in connection with human evolution & development—Unitary origin theory &a
The Stone Age, also called the Lithic Age, is named after the large number of stone tools found from this period. It is divided into three stages based on tools and lifestyle: Name of the period Time Period
The term 'Chalcolithic' is the combination of two Greek words Chaleo (Copper) & Lithic (Stone). Thus the meaning of Chalcolithic Age is Copper-Stone Age. In that age men used copper implements alongwith stone implements, the
The location of the original home of the Aryans still remains a controversial issue. Some scholars believe that the Aryans were native to the soil of India and some other scholars believe that the Aryans were migrated from outside [Centrall As
S. 16 Mahajanapadas (Modern Area) Capital 1 Anga (districts of Munger and Bhagalpur in Bihar) Champa/Champanagari 2
Various religious movements viz. Buddhism, Jainismetc. were bom and grew up in the Post-Vedic Period known as the Period of Second Urbanisation or the Age of Buddha (6th Century BC to 4th Century BC). Causes of Religious Movements 1.
Sources for Mauryan History 1. Literary Sources Kautilya’s’ Arthasastra’: The title Arthasastra means 'The science of material gain’ (fore a state not a person) it is the most important literary source for th
I. Native Successors of Mauryas Sunga Dynasty : 185 BC – 73 BC [Capital – Vidisha (M.P.)] Sunga Dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Sunga, a Brahmin Commander-in-Chief of the last Mauryan ruler named Brihadratha in 185
Three Early Kingdoms Kingdom Emblem Capital First Ruler Famous Ruler The Chera Bow Vanjji/Karayur; Main Ports Muzris and Ton
In 4th Century AD the Guptas, a new dynasty, arose in Magadha and established a large kingdom over the greater part of Northern India (though their empire was not as large as that of the Maury as). Their rule lasted for more than 200 years.
The Pushyabhuti or Vardhana dynasty was founded at Thanes war (Kurukshetra district, Huyntui) by Pushyabhuti probably towards the beginning of the 6th century. Pushyabhuti were the feudatories of the Guptas, but has assumed independence after
Brahmanic (Hindu) texts are sacred Hindu scriptures that form the core of Vedic literature. They are broadly classified into Shruti (heard) and Smriti (remembered) texts, reflecting religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions of ancient
The Buddhist texts are divided into two categories: Pali texts & Anupali Texts. Important Pali Texts Among Pali texts, Tripitaka, Deep Vansha & Mahavansh, "Milind pannaho", etc, are important texts. The Tripitaka is
Lack of Pure Historical Texts Although there is no such text of ancient India that can be properly called a historical text, because almost every text had been written in a literary or religious colour, there are certain texts in which some hi
Biographical writers took the lives of their royal patrons as the theme of their literary works. So the biographical texts cannot be regarded as genuine history, although they contain some valuable historical information. Their main object
It is remarkable, Alexander's invasions find no mention in Indian sources, and it is totally on the basis of the Greek sources that we have to reconstruct the history of his Indian invasions. Greek Writers of Pre-Alexandrian Time The na
Chinese Writers Suma Chien Suma Chien (145 BC- 85 BC) was the first Chinese writer who wrote about India in his text "Historical Memoirs". Pan Kou & Fanye (378-445 AD) "Annals of the Earlier Hans,&q
A Sulaiman (851 AD) A Sulaiman (851 AD) was an Arab merchant. He was the first Arab traveller whose travel account is available. He sailed to all coastal areas of India. He came to India in 851 AD during the reign of the Pratihar
Beginning of Archaeology in India In India, archaeology-related activities were started by Europeans. Eminent orientalist Sir William Jones (1746-94 AD) founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta) in 1784 AD. Early C
Medieval India
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North India (Rajput Period) After Harshavardhana, the Rajputs emerged as a powerful force in Northern India and dominated the Indian political scene for nearly 500 years from the 7th century. 10 Important Rajput Kin
The Background of Delhi Sultanate Mohammad Bin Qasim invaded India in 712 AD and conquered Sindh which became the province of Omayyad Khilafat. First Turk Invasion-Mahmud Ghaznavi's Invasion (1000-27 AD): Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni led
VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1565 AD Vijayanagar kingdom and the city were founded by Harihar and Bukka (sons of Sangama) who were feudatories of Kakatiyas and later became minister in the court of Kampili. Vijayanagar kingdom lay in the Decc
I. Bhakti Movement The Bhakti movement was based on the doctrine that the relationship between God and man is through love and worship rather than through performing any ritual or religious ceremonies. It was in South India for the first
Babur: 1526-30 The foundation of the Mughal rule in India was laid by Babur in 1526. He was a descendant of Timur (from the side of his father) and Chengiz Khan (from the side of his mother. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle
Shivaji: 1674-80 Born at Shivneri Fort in 1627. Father- Shahji Bhonsle, Mother-Jija Bai, ReligiousTeacher- Samarth Ramdas. Shivaji inherited the Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637. After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadev, in
Company East Head Quarter / Capital Portuguese East India Company 1498 Cochin (1510-30), Goa (1530-1961) English East India Compa
Modern India
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Bengal Murshild Quli Khan (1717-27): In 1717, Murshid Quli Khan was appointed as Bengal's Subedar i.e. governor by Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar. Grant of the Governorship of Orissa also to him by Farrukh Siyar in 1719. He transferred the ca
Three Stages of British Colonialism First phase-The Mercantile phase (1757-1813) The East India Company used its political power to monopolize trade and dictate terms to the traders of Bengal. Imposition of inflated prices of goods led to
Socio-Religious Movements and Organisations Year Place Name of the Organisation Founder 1815 Calcutta Atmiya Sabha Rammoha
Movement/ Organisation Year Place Founder Satya Shodhak Samaj 1873 Maharashtra Jyotiba Phule Arav
Important Organisations before Congress S. Organisation Place Year Founder (s) 1 Landholders Society Calcutta
Reasons for the Emergence of Extremists: 1. Realization that the true nature of British rule was exploitative. 2. International influences and events which demolished the myth of White/European supremacy. These included Abyssinia/Ethopia's
Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): Chronologic Overview In South Africa: 1893-1914 1893 Departure of Gandhi to South Africa, Experiences racial discrimination in various forms; a famous incidence Gan
Important Dates I. ANCIENT INDIA BC 2500-1750 Indus Valley Civilization. 563-483 Buddha's life-span.
