Ancient India
The Sangam Period (1st-3rd Century AD)
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- The Sangam Period (1st-3rd Century AD)
- Introduction - Indian History
- Historical Sources (Literary & Archaeological Source)
- Pre-Historic Period (30,00,000 BC - 600 BC) Human Evolution
- The Stone Age/Lithic Age 30,00,000 BC - 1,000 BC (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic)
- Pre Harappan, Harappan, Post Harappan Age/Calco-Lithic Age (3,500 BC - 1,000 BC)
- Vedic Period (Vedic, Rig Vedic, Later Vedic Period) - 1500 BC - 600 BC Original Homo of The Aryan
- Mahajanapada Period (600 BC-325 BC)
- Religious Movements (600 BC - 400 BC) – Jainism, Buddhism
- Maurya Period (322 BC - 155 BC)
- Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185BC-319 AD)
- Gupta Period (319 AD - 540 AD)
- Post-Gupta Period/Vardhana Dynasty (550 AD - 647 AD)/Pushyabhuti
- Early Medieval Period (650 AD-1206 AD)/ Rajput Period & Cholas
- Sultanate Period (1206-1526AD) - The Delhi Sultanate
- Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565 AD) & The Other KIngdoms
- Religious Movements in 15th -16th Centuries ( Bhakti & Sufi Movements)
- Mughal Period (1526-1540 and 1555-1857)
- Maratha State (1674-1720) and Maratha Confederacy (1720-1818)
- The Advent of the Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, French, East India Company)
- Expansion of British Power (In the context of Bengal, Mysore, Punjab etc.)
- Economic Impact of British Rule
- Socio-Religious Movements in 19th-20th Centuries
- Lower Caste/Caste Movements and Organisations
- Moderate Phase (1885-1905) - Indian National Congress
- Extremist Phase (1905-1917)
- The Gandhian Era (1917-47) Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): Chronologic Overview
- Miscellaneous - Indian History
The Sangam Period (1st-3rd Century AD)
Three Early Kingdoms
Kingdom |
Emblem |
Capital |
First Ruler |
Famous Ruler |
The Chera |
Bow |
Vanjji/Karayur; Main Ports Muzris and Tondi |
Udiyangeral |
Senguttuvan (Red Chera) |
The Chola |
Tiger |
Uraiaur-Inland capital famous centre for cottontrade; Puhar/Kaveripattanam coastal capital-main port |
Elara |
Karikala |
The Pandya |
Fish |
Madurai-Inland capital- venue of 1stand IIIrd sangam; Korkai/Colchoi-coastal capital-famous for pearls. |
Mudu-kudumi |
Nendujeliyan |
The Cheras
- The Chera country occupied the portion of both Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- The capital of Cheras was Vanjji.
- Its main ports were Muzris and Tondi.
- The Romans set up two regiment at Muzris (identical with Cranganore) in Chera country. They also built a temple of Augustus at Muzris.
- One of the earliest and better known among Chera rulers was Udiyangeral. It is said that he fed both the armies of Kurukshetra war and so earned the title Udiyangeral.
- The greatest of Chera king, however was Senguttuvan or Red Chera. It is said that he invaded the North and even crossed the Ganges.
- He was also the founder of the famous Pattini cult related to worship of goddess of chastity-Kannagi.
The Cholas
- The Chola kingdom called Cholamandalam was situated to the North-East of Pandya kingdom between Pennar and Vellar rivers.
- The Chola kingdom corresponded to the modem Tanjore and Tiruchchirap-palli districts.
- Its inland capital was Uraiyaur, a place famous for cotton trade. One of the main sources of wealth for Cholas was trade in cotton cloth.
- Puharidentical with Ka veripa ttanamwas the main port of Cholas and served as alternative capital of Cholas.
- The earliest known Chola king was Elara who conquered Sri Lanka and ruled over it for nearly 50 years.
- Their greatest king was Karikala (man with charred leg) who founded Puhar (Ka veripa ttanam) and constructed 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri river with the help of 12,000 Sri Lankan slaves.
- They maintained an efficient navy.
- The Cholas were wiped out in the attack of Pallavas from the North.
The Pandyas
- The Pandyas were first mentioned by Megasthanese, who said their kingdom was famous for pearls.
- The Pandya territory included modern districts of Tirunelvelli, Ramand and Madurai in Tamil Nadu. It had its capital at Madurai, situated on the banks of Vaigai river.
- The Pandya king profited from trade with Roman Empire and sent emissaries to Roman emperor Augustus and Trojan.
- The Pandyas find mention in the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
- The earliest known Pandyan ruler was Mudukudumi.
- The greatest Pandya king Nendujelian accused Kovalan of theft. As a result, the city of Madurai was laid under a curse by Kannagi (Kovalan's wife).
Sangam Administration
- The king was the centre of administration. He was called Ko, Mannam, Vendan Korravan or Iraivan.
- Avai was the court of the crowned monarch.
- Important officials (Panchmahasabha): 1. Amaichchar(Ministers) 2. Purohitar (Priests) 3. Dutar (Envoys) 4. Senapatiyar (Commander) 5. Orar (Spies).
- The kingdom was divided into Mandalam/Nadu(Province), Ur (town), Perur (Big village), Sirur (Smallvillage).
- Pattinam (Name of coastal town), Puhar (Harbourareas), Cheri (Suburb of town).
- Revenue Administration: Karai(Land Tax), Irai (Tributepaid by feudatories and booty collected in war), Ulgu(Custom duties), Iravu (Extra demand or forced gift),Variyam (A well known unit of territory yielding tax),Variyar (Tax collector).
- It is said that in Chola territory, watered by Kaveri, the space in which an elephant could lie down produced enough to feed seven persons. It implies the lands were very fertile with irrigation facilities.
Sangam Literature
S. No. |
Venue |
Under the Chairmanship of |
Surviving Texts |
Patron (Pandya Rulers) |
1st Sangam |
Ten-Madurai (Old capital of Pandyas engulfed in sea) |
Agastasya (Agattiyar) |
X |
89 |
IInd Sangam |
Kapatapuran/Alvai (engulfedinsea) |
Agastaya (founder chairman); Tolakapiyyar (later chairman) |
only Tolkappiyam' |
59 |
IIIrd Sangam |
North Madurai |
Nakkirar |
Ettutogai,Pattu-pattu,Patinenki-lakanakkuetc. |
49 |
- Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets held under royal patronage of Pandyan kings in Madurai. According totradition, the assembly lasted for 9,990 years and was attended by 8,598 poets and 197 Pandyan kings.
- The first Sangam was attended by Gods and legendary sages. All its works have perished.
- Of the second Sangam, the only surviving work is Tolkappiyam, an early work on Tamil grammar written by Tolakapiyyar.
- Of the third Sangam, most of the works are surviving. These are Ettutogai (i.e. 8 anthologies), Pattupattu (i.e. 10 idylls), Patinenkilakanakku (i.e. 18 didactical texts) etc.
- Ettutogai and Pattupattu are called Melakanakku (18 major works) and narrative in form. Patinenkanakku is called Kilakanakku (18 minor works) and didactive in form.
- Kural or Muppal, a pari of Pntinenkilakannkku and written by Tiruvalluvar is called 'The Bible of TamilLand'. It is treatise on polity, ethics and social norms.
The Epics Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, SlvagaSindamani etc. - Silappadikaram (the story of the Anklet) : Written by Ilango Adigal, it deals with the story of Kovalan and Madhavi of Kaveripattinam. It is called 'Illiyad of Tamil poetry'.
- Manimekalai: Written by SittalaiSattanar, it deals with the adventures of Manimekalai, the daughter born of Kovalan and Madhavi. It is a sequel to Silappadikaramand strongly tinged with Buddhism.
- Sivaga Sindamani Qivaka Chintamani): Written by Jain Tiruttakrdevas and strongly tinged with Jainism.
- Bharatam : Written by Perudevanar.
Panchtinai (five Tamil regions / land) |
Occupation |
Inhabitants |
Kurinji (hilly backwoods or montane) |
Hunting, Gathering |
Kurvar, Vetar |
Palai (arid zone or dry land) |
Cattle lifting, Highway robbery |
Eyinar, Maravar |
Mullai (Pastoral land) |
Shifting Agriculture, Animal husbandry |
Ayar, Idaiyar |
Marutam (Wetland) |
Plough Agriculture |
Ulavar, Vellalar |
Neital (littoral/coastal) |
Fishing, Saltextraction |
Paratavar, Valayar |
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