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- Human Evolution Pre-Historic Period
- Introduction - Indian History
- Historical Sources (Literary & Archaeological Source)
- The Stone Age/Lithic Age 30,00,000 BC to 1,000 BC
- 7 Highlights of India's Prehistoric Ages
- Vedic Period (Vedic, Rig Vedic, Later Vedic Period) - 1500 BC - 600 BC Original Homo of The Aryan
- Mahajanapada Period (600 BC- 325 BC)
- Religious Movements (600 BC - 400 BC) – Jainism, Buddhism
- Maurya Period (322 BC - 155 BC)
- Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185BC-319 AD)
- The Sangam Period (1st-3rd Century AD)
- Gupta Period (319 AD - 540 AD)
- Post-Gupta Period/Vardhana Dynasty (550 AD - 647 AD)/Pushyabhuti
- Early Medieval Period (650 AD-1206 AD)/ Rajput Period & Cholas
- Sultanate Period (1206-1526AD) - The Delhi Sultanate
- Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565 AD) & The Other KIngdoms
- Religious Movements in 15th -16th Centuries ( Bhakti & Sufi Movements)
- Mughal Period (1526-1540 and 1555-1857)
- Maratha State (1674-1720) and Maratha Confederacy (1720-1818)
- The Advent of the Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, French, East India Company)
- Expansion of British Power (In the context of Bengal, Mysore, Punjab etc.)
- Economic Impact of British Rule
- Socio-Religious Movements in 19th-20th Centuries
- Lower Caste/Caste Movements and Organisations
- Moderate Phase (1885-1905) - Indian National Congress
- Extremist Phase (1905-1917)
- The Gandhian Era: 1869–1948
- Miscellaneous - Indian History
- Brahmanic (Hindu) Texts
- Buddhist Texts and Jain Texts
- Historical and Semi-Historical Texts
- Biographical Texts - Indigenous Sources
- Greek Writers - Foreign Sources
- Chinese and Tibetan Writers
- Arabian & Arabic Writers
- Origin & Development of Indian Archaeology
- Inscriptions of Archaeological Sources
- Mauryan Inscriptions
- Post-Mauryan Inscriptions
- Gupta and Later Inscriptions in India
- South Indian Inscriptions
- Mesolithic Age in India (9,000 BC - 4,000 BC)
- Neolithic Age (7,000 BC - 1,000 BC)
- Neolithic Sites in India
- Chalco-Lithic Age (3,500 BC - 1,000 BC)
- Iron Age (1,000 BC–500 BC)
- Iron Using Cultures - Iron Age
- Harappan / Indus Civilization (2500 BC - 1750 BC)
- Vedic Culture (1500 BC – 600 BC)
- Rig Vedic/Early Vedic Period (1500 BC - 1000 BC)
- Later Vedic Period (1000 BC - 600 BC)
- Haryanka Dynasty (544 BC – 412 BC)
- Religious Movements of Jainism (600 BC - 400 BC)
- Religious Movements of Buddhism (600 BC - 400 BC)
- Maurya Period Sources (322 BC - 155 BC)
- Origin of the Maurya Dynasty (322 BC - 155 BC)
- Mauryan Administration & Art (322 BC - 155 BC)
Human Evolution Pre-Historic Period
Africa was the original homeland of humans. For this reason, Africa is often referred to as "the Cradle of Humankind."
The following two theories are prevalent in connection with human evolution and development: the Unitary Origin Theory and the Parallel Origin Theory.
In which the more thrust is on the first theory, i.e, Unitary origin theory.
Unitary Origin Theory
-
According to this theory, modern human evolved originally from homo erectus in Africa, and then by migrating along different routes they settled in different regions of the earth.
Parallel Origin Theory
-
According to this theory, modern human evolved in parallel from several dispersed homo erectus population of the world at the same time.
Human Evolution |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
Australopithecus Africanus (50,00,000 BC - 30,00,000 BC) |
Homo Erectus / Pithecanthropus (30,00,000 BC – 1,00,000 BC) |
Homo Sapien Neanderthal (1,00,000 BC 40,000 BC) |
Homo Sapien Sapien / Cro-Magnon (40,000 BC – 10,000 BC) |
|
Importance: Early ancestor humans |
The earliest bipedal human |
Nomenclature based on Neanderthal (German name of the Neander Valley of Germany) |
The latest ancestor of modem man, Scientific name of modem man – Homo Sapien, Specific research-names-Cro-Magnon (local name of a rock shelter, France), Chancelade (France), Grimaldi (Italy) etc. |
|
Archaeological Remains: Archaeological remains found in Africa only, Fossils – Australopithecus ( child skull), Lucy (Female skeleton, Lucy is known as the Mother of Man) |
Archaeological remains found in Africa, Asia &Europe, Fossils found in India, Hathnora/Narmada human (Human Female Skull, Hathnora is a village situated on the northern bank of Narmada river in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh) |
Archaeological remains found in Africa, Asia & Europe |
Archaeological remains have been found almost everywhere on Earth. |
|
Geographical Distribution: Limited to Africa only |
Extensive geographical distribution (Africa, Asia & Europe) |
Extensive geographical distribution (Africa, Asia & Europe) |
Extended to almost everywhere on Earth |
|
Special Features: Known free use of Hands |
Discovery of the first |
The men who started burying their dead. |
Early sign of evolution of three original human races ( Caucessold, Mongolold & Negroid) |
Final Thoughts
Africa, known as the "Cradle of Humankind," is central to human origins. The widely accepted Unitary Origin Theory states that modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated globally.
Fossil evidence from species like Australopithecus to Homo sapiens shows a clear path of human evolution, migration, and development across continents.
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