Maurya Period (322 BC - 155 BC)

Maurya Period (322 BC - 155 BC)

The Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE) was one of the most powerful and centralized empires in Indian history, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and reaching its zenith under Emperor Ashoka.

But how do we know so much about an empire that existed over 2,000 years ago?

In this guide, we’ll explore the major sources for Mauryan history—both literary and archaeological—that provide a rich understanding of its administration, society, economy, and culture.

1. Literary Sources of Mauryan History

Kautilya’s Arthashastra

• About: A political treatise attributed to Chanakya (Kautilya/Vishnugupta), the chief advisor to Chandragupta Maurya.

• Importance: Offers detailed insight into the political, administrative, military, and economic systems of the Mauryan state.

Megasthenes’ Indica

• About: Written by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador of Seleucus Nikator to the Mauryan court.

• Highlights: Describes Mauryan society, caste structure, governance, agriculture, and the absence of slavery.

Note: The original is lost, but its fragments survive in Greek and Latin texts.

Mudrarakshasa by Vishakhadatta

• Era: Gupta period

• Importance: Narrates how Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nandas with Chanakya's help; reflects socio-political conditions of the time.

Puranas

• Significance: Offers genealogies and chronologies of Mauryan rulers.

Buddhist Literature

• Texts: Jatakas, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Divyavadana

• Insights: Reflect the social life, Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism, anthe d spread of Buddhism to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.

2. Archaeological Sources of Mauryan History

Ashokan Edicts and Inscriptions

• Types: Major Rock Edicts, Minor Rock Edicts, Pillar Edicts, and Cave Inscriptions.

• Language: Mainly Prakrit, with regional use of Kharosthi, Greek, Aramaic, and Brahmi.

• Locations: Spread across India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

• Importance: These inscriptions proclaim Ashoka’s policies of Dhamma, non-violence, and social welfare.

• Key Edicts:

  • Rock Edict XIII: Describes the Kalinga War and Ashoka’s remorse.

  • Bhabru Edict: Confirms Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism.

Other Inscriptions

• Junagadh Rock Inscription (Rudradaman): Mentions Mauryan irrigation systems.

• Sohgaura Copper Plate (UP) & Mahasthan Inscription (Bangladesh): Early records of famine relief.

Material Remains

Examples:

• Mauryan Palace at Kumhrar, Patna (with an 80-pillared hall)

• Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) pottery

• Punch-marked coins made of silver and copper

Origins of the Mauryas: A Historical Debate

Different sources give varying accounts of the origin of the Maurya dynasty:

• Puranas & Mudrarakshasa: Refer to Chandragupta as a Shudra or from a humble clan.

• Greek Writers: Describe him as a man of humble origin.

• Buddhist Sources: Link the Mauryas to the Sakya clan of the Buddha.

• Junagadh Inscription: Suggests a Vaishya origin.

Final Thoughts

The Mauryan period is one of the best-documented eras in ancient Indian history, thanks to the rich array of sources, both written and material.

These resources help us understand the political genius of Chandragupta, the administrative brilliance of Kautilya, and the ethical governance of Ashoka.

By studying these literary and archaeological sources, we can piece together a vivid and accurate picture of life during the Mauryan era.