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Key Study Materials for Indian Polity and Constitution in Competitive Exams
Indian Polity & Constitution
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Political Science and Politics Origin of the Term The term Political Science is intimately related to the word "Politics". Which itself is derived from the Greek word - "Polis" - that means a city-state, the genera
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Our Constitution Our present constitution—the first Constitution of India framed and given to themselves by the people of India—was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949. It came into full operation with effect fr
Constituent Assembly of India Cabinet Mission and Establishment of Constituent Assembly The Cabinet Mission envisaged the establishment of a Constituent Assembly to frame a Constitution for the country. Members of the Constit
Part I Articles 1-4 – The Union and its territory. Part II Articles 5-11 – Citizenship Part III Articles 12-35 – Fundamental Rights Article 12 Definition Article 13 L
Introduction The Constitution of India is the lengthiest and most comprehensive of all the written constitutions of the world. Originally, the Constitution of India consisted of 395 Articles divided into 22 parts and 8 Sched
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and V.P. Menon played the most important role in the integration and merger of Indian States. Objective of Integration The main objective of shaping the Indian States into sizeable or viable administrative units wa
Union of States in India Article 1: India as a Union of States Article 1 lays down that India, i.e., Bharat, shall be a Union of States. The Territory of India shall consist of: The Territories of the States
State Reorganization and Creation of New States Introduction A Bill seeking to create a new State or alter boundaries of existing States can be introduced in either House of Parliament, only on the recommendation of the President.
Citizenship of India Uniform Citizenship in India The Constitution of India provides for a single and uniform citizenship for the whole of India. Citizenship at the Commencement of the Constitution Citizenship of India was
Fundamental Rights in India Six Fundamental Rights Provided by the Constitution: Right to equality (Article 14-18) Right to liberty (particular freedoms) (Article 19-22) Right against exploitation (Article 23-24)
Enforcement of Fundamental Rights For the enforcement of fundamental rights, the judiciary has been armed with the power to issue writs. The power to issue these writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights is given by the
The Directive Principles are contained in Part IV of the Constitution. They aim to provide the social and economic base of a genuine democracy. Important Directive Principles Broadly speaking, there are three types of Directive Principles a
Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens The Fundamental Duties (recommended by the Sardar Swam Singh Committee) are eleven in number, incorporated in Art. 51A [Part IVA], which has been incorporated by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. Under
Alteration of Provisions Not Considered an Amendment The alteration of certain provisions of the Constitution is not considered an amendment of the Constitution. Such provisions can be altered by the Parliament by a simple majority. Other p
Doctrine of Basic Structure Keshavananda Bharati Case The Supreme Court of India enunciated the Doctrine of Basic Structure of the Constitution in the Keshavananda Bharati Case. The Supreme Court held in the case of Keshavanan
Major Constitutional Amendments in India 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 This amendment added Article 15(4) and Article 19(6) and brought changes in the right to private property in pursuance of the decision of the Supreme Cour
Power of the Executive of the Union The power of the Executive of the Union is vested in the President of India (Art. 53). Role of the President President is the head of the Union Executive. The President is the 1st Citizen
Proclamation of Emergency under Article 352 Conditions for Proclamation President can proclaim an emergency under Article. 352 in case of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion or threat thereof, only on recommend
The provision of the Vice-President in our Constitution has been derived from the Constitution of America. Election of the Vice-President Method of Election Vice-President is indirectly elected by means of the single transfera
In a parliamentary system of Government, the Prime Minister occupies a unique position as the most powerful function that controls both the Parliament and the Executive. Prime Ministers of India S. Name
Key Constitutional Posts in India The Attorney-General for India The Attorney-General is the first Law Officer of the Government of India, who gives advice on legal matters and performs other duties of a legal character as assigned to hi
The Parliament of India The Parliament of India consists of the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha. [Ref.: Art. 79] The President is a part of the Legislature, even though he or she does not sit in Parliament. Tenure of the First
Question Hour The day’s business normally begins with the Question Hour, during which questions asked by the members are answered by the Ministers. The different types of questions are: 1. Starred Question A starred question
Centre-State Relationship in India The centre-state relationship in India is looking towards federalism, which has been derived from the Constitution of Canada. The Constitution of India, being federal in structure, divides all powers (legisla
The Governor [Article 153-163] Appointment of the Governor The Governor of a state is appointed by the President and holds his office at the pleasure of the President. [Art. 156] Qualifications for Membership of the State Legislature
The term 'Panchayati Raj' India signifies the system of rural self-government. The subject of 'Local Government' is mentioned in the State List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Panchayati Raj was constitution
The term 'Urban Local Government' in India signifies the governance of an urban area by the people through their elected representatives. There are eight types of urban local govt, in India— (a) Municipal corporation, &n
Article 131 provides for the judicial determination of disputes between states by vesting the Supreme Court with exclusive jurisdiction in the matter, while Art. 262 provides for the adjudication of one class of such disputes by an extra judi
Planning Commission Planning Commission was not mentioned in the Constitution. Planning Commission was an economic advisory body set up by a resolution of the Union Cabinet on 15th March, 1950. Pt.. Jawaharlal Nehru
Constitution provides a Public Service Commission for the Union, a Public Sendee Commission for each State or a Joint Public Service Commission for a group of States. A Joint Public Service Commission can be created by Parliament in pursuance of
The general election is held on the basis of adult’s uffrage. Every person who is a citizen of India and not less than 18 years of age is entitled to vote at the election, provided he is not disqualified by law. Election to Parliamen
Delimitation Commission or Boundary Commission of India is a Commission established by Government of India under the provisions of the Delimitation Commission Act. The main task of the Commission is to redraw the boundaries of the various assemb
The Official language of the Union is Hindi in Devanagri script [Art. 343]. English was to continue to be used as principal official language of the Union side-by-side with Hindi till 1965. The first Official Language Commission was appointed in
National Flag The National flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (Kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of
Some Important Comments Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best. — Laski “Democracy is the Government of the people, by the people and for the people." &
Inter State Council is formed by the President. Election Commission is formed by the President. Vice President is also called as “His Superfluous Highness". Government of India passed the Act to protect the human rights in the yea
Administrative & Legislative Reforms After 1857 Government of India Act, 1858The British Crown decided to assume sovereignty over India from the East India Company in an apparent consequence of the Revolt of 1857, described
India is different from the United States of America because in the United States, the federation is based on an agreement between different States, and the States have the right to secede from the Union. The Indian Constitution has the featur
Speaker and Deputy Speaker The House of the People shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the House to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker. Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becom
Chairman and Deputy Chairman Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Vice-President of India is ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and functions as the Presiding Officer of that House so long as he does not officiate as the President. [A
Article 124 of the Constitution has the provision for the establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court. Vide the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2008 (11 of 2009), the Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice of In
High Court: Head of the State Judiciary The High Court is the head of the Judiciary in the State. There are 25 High Courts in the country, three having jurisdiction over more than one state. Six High Courts (Allahabad, Bombay,
